C&O Canal Historical Documents

Records concerning the canal and the people who made it work

Resources listed below are available in PDF format.

Business analysis:

"Double Boat Report", written in December 1879, provides a cost analysis of different alternatives for operating canal boats. The author experimented with lashing two canal boats together, using only one crew and one team of four mules to operate the pair. He also analyzes the option of using a steam-powered canal boat to tow a second non-powered boat.

Family histories:

"A Short Julius C. Apple Family History", written in October 2010, concerns a family with many connections to transportation in the Potomac River valley. Julius C. Apple, who died in 1977 at the age of 86, was the son and grandson of C&O Canal lockkeepers. He himself was a B&O Railroad engineer, as was his eldest son. The history is illustrated by multiple photographs and maps. The file size is 10 MB.

"Bloss Family History" discusses a family that settled along the canal in the North Branch area, Locks 73-75. Census records, newspaper accounts, and family photographs help trace the story of a family whose members included three lock keepers in the 1870s and 1880s. The document was written in January 2011.

"Bowles Family History" tells the story of the family whose house has now become the Hancock visitor center for the park. The 22-page document was written in November 2010.

"Higgins Donegan Family History" is intertwined with the history of the canal in the Little Orleans area. Joseph Higgins was supervisor of the last 50 miles of the canal in the early 20th century. The 43-page document was written in November 2010. The file size is 5 MB.

"Emanuel Hine Family History" tells the story of a C&O canal boat owner and operator who died in 1924 at the age of 80. Recorded in January 2011, the history includes extensive information concerning family members, and is illustrated by several photographs.

"Kerfoot Family History" includes the life of Thomas Kerfoot, who took the job as lock keeper for Lock 40 and raised 10 children in that small lockhouse. Further research may yield information about the family's operation of canal boats. The 11-page document was written in November 2011.

"Patrick Little Family History" discusses another family that figures prominently in the history of Hancock and the canal. The 46-page document was written in November 2011. The file size is 6 MB.

"Manning Family History" describes the life and family of George Irving Manning (1895-1964), who was a boat captain on the C&O Canal. This history was written in January 2011, but is a work in progress that includes blanks to indicate where more data is needed. Family members and others who may have that information are invited to contact the author, William Bauman, at treasurer@candocanal.org.

"Riley Family History" provides information on the family associated with Lock 24 and Seneca Aqueduct during the final years of canal operations. This history was written in October 2009. The 13-page document includes several photographs. The file size is 5 MB.

"Sterling-Fernsner Family History" traces the story of a family whose members were involved with the C&O Canal from 1860 until closure in 1924. They owned a general store in the Four Locks area. One member owned and operated canal boats. Others served as a lock tender and a section superintendent. The 46-page document includes many photos. The file size is 7 MB. The document was written in November 2010.

"Swain Family History" provides information on John F. Swain, Sr. (1820-1893) and his descendants. The family's many connections to the C&O Canal included long-time occupancy of the lockhouse at Lock 21 (Swain's Lock). The history, which was written in January 2011, includes numerous photographs. The file size is 6 MB.

"Yates Family History" gives background on the family that originally the brick home which has become the Hancock Visitor Center for the C&O Canal National Historical Park. The 14-page document was written in August 2011 and includes several maps showing the family holdings in the Hancock area. The file size is 8 MB.

Canal boat registration documents:

"Registers Issued to Boats to Navigate the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 1851 - 1861" was transcribed from original records material at the National Archives, College Park. It provides information such as the boats' names, registration dates, hauling place, dimensions, and ownership.

"Registers Issued to Boats to Navigate the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 1873, 1874 & 1875" was transcribed from original records material at the National Archives, College Park. It lists the boats' names, captains, owners, builders, the year in which they were built, and by whom they were employed.

"Register of Boats Employed on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Jan. 1st, 1878" was transcribed from original records material at the National Archives, College Park. It lists the boats' names, captains, owners, builders, the year in which they were built, and by whom they were employed.

"Register of Boats Moored at the Main Basin, Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, June 10-14, 1880" provides information on persons living aboard the canal boats, transcribed from U.S. Census Reports, as well boat names from the 1878 boat register.

Compilations of canal boat mortgages:

"Compilation of John H. Clarke Canal Boat Mortgages, 1850 - 1852, Allegany County, Md." Clarke was a boat builder in Cumberland in 1850, the year the canal reached that city. Presumably the mortgages were for new boats built in his yard. Compiled October 2010, this document includes: a preface; a tabulation of six mortgages for which Clarke was the mortgagee; and a transcription of each mortgage.

"Compilation of John Young Canal Boat Mortgages, 1850 - 1865, Allegany County, Md." Assembled in December 2010, this 62-page compilation features 38 documents from courthouse records, including mortgages for mules and horses as well as canal boats.

"Compilation of Cumberland Coal & Iron Company Canal Boat Mortgages, 1852 - 1857, Allegany County, Md." Courthouse documents show that the coal company paid off a builder's lien for six canal boats purchased in 1852. Courthouse records also contain mortgages issues by the company to owners of nine canal boats between 1854 and 1857. Compiled November 2010, this 19-page document includes a transcription of each mortgage.

"Compilation of Henry Thomas Weld Canal Boat Mortgages, 1857 - 1873, Washington County, Md." Compiled January 2010, this document includes: a preface; a tabulation of 52 mortgages for which Weld was the mortgagee, as well of five others for which both Weld and Thomas Sheridan were mortagees; and a transcription of each mortgage.

"Compilation of Frederick Mertens Canal Boat Mortgages, 1858 - 1872, Washington County, Md." Compiled February 2010, this document includes a preface, a tabulation of 39 mortgages for which Mertens was the mortgagee, and a transcription of each.

"Compilation of Consolidation Coal Company Canal Boat Mortgages, 1870 - 1873, Allegany County, Md." Consolidation Coal operated a large fleet of canal boats. It appears the company sold off some of the boats and financed the sales. Compiled December 2010, this document includes: a preface; a tabulation of nine mortgages for which Consolidation Coal Company was the mortgagee and a transcription of each mortgage.

"Compilation of Richard & Michael Coulehan Canal Boat Mortgages, 1871- 1879, Allegany County, Md." Compiled August 2010, this document includes a preface, a tabulation of 14 mortgages for which the Coulehans were the mortgagee, and a transcription of each.

"Compilation of Felix Bareis & Michael Rossworm Canal Boat Mortgages, 1878 - 1881, Allegany County, Md." Bareis and Rossworm were boat builders in Cumberland. Compiled October 2010, this document includes: a preface; a tabulation of six mortgages for which Bareis and Rossworm were the mortgagees; and a transcription of each mortgage.